SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Method overriding</title>

</head>

Method overriding

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Function_overloading" title="Function overloading">Function overloading</a>.</div>

Method overriding, in <a href="Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, is a language feature that allows a <a href="Subclass_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclass (computer science)">subclass</a> or child class to provide a specific implementation of a <a href="Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">method</a> that is already provided by one of its <a href="Superclass_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superclass (computer science)">superclasses</a> or parent classes. In addition to providing data-driven algorithm-determined parameters across virtual network interfaces,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> it also allows for a specific type of <a href="Polymorphism_(computer_science)" title="Polymorphism (computer science)">polymorphism</a> (<a href="Subtyping" title="Subtyping">subtyping</a>). The implementation in the subclass overrides (replaces) the implementation in the superclass by providing a method that has same name, same <a href="Parameter_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (computer science)">parameters</a> or signature, and same return type as the method in the parent class.<a href="#cite_note-flanagan-2">[2]</a> The version of a method that is executed will be determined by the <a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">object</a> that is used to invoke it. If an object of a parent class is used to invoke the method, then the version in the parent class will be executed, but if an object of the subclass is used to invoke the method, then the version in the child class will be executed.<a href="#cite_note-lewis-loftus-3">[3]</a> This helps in preventing problems associated with differential relay analytics which would otherwise rely on a framework in which method overriding might be obviated.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Some languages allow a <a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a> to prevent a method from being overridden.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language-specific_examples">Language-specific examples</h2></div>

<a href="Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a> provides method overriding by default.

To favor early error detection (e.g. a misspelling),

it is possible to specify when a method

is expected to be actually overriding, or not. That will be checked by the compiler.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ada mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> type T is new Controlled with ......;

procedure Op(Obj: in out T; Data: in Integer);

type NT is new T with null record;

overriding -- overriding indicator

procedure Op(Obj: in out NT; Data: in Integer);

overriding -- overriding indicator

procedure Op(Obj: in out NT; Data: in String);

-- ^ compiler issues an error: subprogram "Op" is not overriding

</pre></div>

<a href="C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a> does support method overriding, but only if explicitly requested using the modifiers <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">override</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">virtual</code> or <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">abstract</code>.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>abstract class Animal

{

public string Name { get; set; }

// Methods

public void Drink();

public virtual void Eat();

public void Go();

}

class Cat : Animal

{

public new string Name { get; set; }

// Methods

public void Drink(); // Warning: hides inherited drink(). Use new

public override void Eat(); // Overrides inherited eat().

public new void Go(); // Hides inherited go().

}

</pre></div>

When overriding one method with another, the <a href="Type_signature" title="Type signature">signatures</a> of the two methods must be identical (and with same visibility). In C#, <a href="Class_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Class method">class methods</a>, <a href="Indexer_(programming)" title="Indexer (programming)">indexers</a>, <a href="Property_(programming)" title="Property (programming)">properties</a> and events can all be overridden.

Non-virtual or static methods cannot be overridden. The overridden base method must be virtual, abstract, or override.

In addition to the modifiers that are used for method overriding, C# allows the hiding of an inherited property or method. This is done using the same signature of a property or method but adding the modifier <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">new</code> in front of it.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

In the above example, hiding causes the following:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-csharp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Cat cat = new Cat();

cat.Name = …; // accesses Cat.Name

cat.Eat(); // calls Cat.Eat()

cat.Go(); // calls Cat.Go()

((Animal)cat).Name = …; // accesses Animal.Name!

((Animal)cat).Eat(); // calls Cat.Eat()!

((Animal)cat).Go(); // calls Animal.Go()!

</pre></div>

<a href="C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> does not have the keyword <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">super</code> that a subclass can use in Java to invoke the superclass version of a method that it wants to override. Instead, the name of the parent or base class is used followed by the <a href="Scope_resolution_operator" title="Scope resolution operator">scope resolution operator</a>. For example, the following code presents two <a href="Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, the base class <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Rectangle</code>, and the derived class <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Box</code>. <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Box</code> overrides the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Rectangle</code> class's <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Print</code> method, so as also to print its height.<a href="#cite_note-malik-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>#include <iostream>

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class Rectangle {

public:

Rectangle(double l, double w) : length_(l), width_(w) {}

virtual void Print() const;

private:

double length_;

double width_;

};

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------

void Rectangle::Print() const {

// Print method of base class.

std::cout << "Length = " << length_ << "; Width = " << width_;

}

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class Box : public Rectangle {

public:

Box(double l, double w, double h) : Rectangle(l, w), height_(h) {}

void Print() const override;

private:

double height_;

};

//---------------------------------------------------------------------------

// Print method of derived class.

void Box::Print() const {

// Invoke parent Print method.

Rectangle::Print();

}

</pre></div>

The method <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Print</code> in class <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Box</code>, by invoking the parent version of method <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Print</code>, is also able to output the private <a href="Variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable (programming)">variables</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">length</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">width</code> of the base class. Otherwise, these variables are inaccessible to <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Box</code>.

The following <a href="Statement_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement (programming)">statements</a> will <a href="Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">instantiate</a> objects of type <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Rectangle</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Box</code>, and call their respective <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Print</code> methods:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-cpp mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>int main(int argc, char** argv) {

Rectangle rectangle(5.0, 3.0);

// Outputs: Length = 5.0; Width = 3.0

rectangle.Print();

Box box(6.0, 5.0, 4.0);

// The pointer to the most overridden method in the vtable in on Box::print,

// but this call does not illustrate overriding.

box.Print();

// This call illustrates overriding.

// outputs: Length = 6.0; Width = 5.0; Height= 4.0

static_cast<Rectangle&>(box).Print();

}

</pre></div>

In <a href="C%2B%2B11" title="C++11">C++11</a>, similar to Java, a method that is declared <code>final</code> in the super class cannot be overridden; also, a method can be declared <code>override</code> to make the compiler check that it overrides a method in the base class.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Delphi">Delphi</h3></div>

In <a href="Delphi_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphi (programming language)">Delphi</a>, method overriding is done with the directive override, but only if a method was marked with the dynamic or virtual directives.

The inherited reserved word must be called when you want to call super-class behavior

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-pascal mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>type

TRectangle = class

private

FLength: Double;

FWidth: Double;

public

property Length read FLength write FLength;

property Width read FWidth write FWidth;

procedure Print; virtual;

end;

TBox = class(TRectangle)

public

end;

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eiffel">Eiffel</h3></div>

In <a href="Eiffel_(programming_language)" title="Eiffel (programming language)">Eiffel</a>, feature redefinition is analogous to method overriding in C++ and Java. Redefinition is one of three forms of feature adaptation classified as redeclaration. Redeclaration also covers effecting, in which an implementation is provided for a feature which was deferred (abstract) in the parent class, and undefinition, in which a feature that was effective (concrete) in the parent becomes deferred again in the heir class. When a feature is redefined, the feature name is kept by the heir class, but properties of the feature such as its signature, contract (respecting restrictions for <a href="Precondition" title="Precondition">preconditions</a> and <a href="Postcondition" title="Postcondition">postconditions</a>), and/or implementation will be different in the heir. If the original feature in the parent class, called the heir feature's precursor, is effective, then the redefined feature in the heir will be effective. If the precursor is deferred, the feature in the heir will be deferred.<a href="#cite_note-meyer-8">[8]</a>

The intent to redefine a feature, as <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">message</code> in the example below, must be explicitly declared in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">inherit</code> clause of the heir class.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class

THOUGHT

feature

message

-- Display thought message

do

print ("I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe.%N")

end

end

class

ADVICE

inherit

THOUGHT

redefine

message

end

feature

message

-- Precursor

do

print ("Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear.%N")

end

end

</pre></div>

In class <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">ADVICE</code> the feature <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">message</code> is given an implementation that differs from that of its precursor in class <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">THOUGHT</code>.

Consider a class which uses instances for both <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">THOUGHT</code> and <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">ADVICE</code>:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class

APPLICATION

create

make

feature

make

-- Run application.

do

(create {THOUGHT}).message;

(create {ADVICE}).message

end

end

</pre></div>

When instantiated, class <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">APPLICATION</code> produces the following output:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-output mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe.

Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear.

</pre></div>

Within a redefined feature, access to the feature's precursor can be gained by using the language keyword <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Precursor</code>. Assume the implementation of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">{ADVICE}.message</code> is altered as follows:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre> message

-- Precursor

do

Precursor

end

</pre></div>

Invocation of the feature now includes the execution of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-eiffel mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">{THOUGHT}.message</code>, and produces the following output:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-output mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear.

I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe.

</pre></div>

In <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, when a subclass contains a method with the same signature (name and parameter types) as a method in its superclass, then the subclass's method overrides that of the superclass.

For example:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Thought {

public void message() {

System.out.println("I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe.");

}

}

public class Advice extends Thought {

@Override // @Override annotation in Java 5 is optional but helpful.

System.out.println("Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear.");

}

}

</pre></div>

Class <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Thought</code> represents the superclass and implements a method call <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">message()</code>. The subclass called <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Advice</code> inherits every method that could be in the <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Thought</code> class. Class <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Advice</code> overrides the method <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">message()</code>, replacing its functionality from <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">Thought</code>.

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>Thought parking = new Thought();

parking.message(); // Prints "I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe."

Thought dates = new Advice(); // Polymorphism

dates.message(); // Prints "Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear."

</pre></div>

When a subclass contains a method that overrides a method of the superclass, then that (superclass's) overridden method can be explicitly invoked from within a subclass's method by using the <a href="Keyword_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword (computer programming)">keyword</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">super</code>.<a href="#cite_note-lewis-loftus-3">[3]</a> (It cannot be explicitly invoked from any method belongings to a class that is unrelated to the superclass.)

The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">super</code> reference can be

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>public class Advice extends Thought {

@Override

System.out.println("Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear.");

super.message(); // Invoke parent's version of method.

}

</pre></div>

There are methods that a subclass cannot override. For example, in Java, a method that is declared final in the super class cannot be overridden. Methods that are declared private or static cannot be overridden either because they are implicitly final. It is also impossible for a class that is declared final to become a super class.<a href="#cite_note-deitel-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kotlin">Kotlin</h3></div>

In <a href="Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> we can simply override a function like this (note that the function must be <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-java mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">open</code>):

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-kotlin mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>fun main() {

val p = Parent(5)

val c = Child(6)

p.myFun()

c.myFun()

}

open class Parent(val a : Int) {

open fun myFun() = println(a)

}

class Child(val b : Int) : Parent(b) {

override fun myFun() = println("overrided method")

}

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Python">Python</h3></div>

In <a href="Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, when a subclass contains a method that overrides a method of the superclass, you can also call the superclass method by calling <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">super(Subclass, self).method</code><a href="#cite_note-python-3-super-10">[10]</a> instead of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">self.method</code>.

Example:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Thought:

def __init__(self) -> None:

print("I'm a new object of type Thought!")

def message(self) -> None:

print("I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe.")

class Advice(Thought):

super(Advice, self).__init__()

print("Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear")

t = Thought()

# "I'm a new object of type Thought!"

t.message()

# "I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe.

a = Advice()

# "I'm a new object of type Thought!"

a.message()

# "Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear"

# "I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe.

# ------------------

# Introspection:

isinstance(t, Thought)

# True

isinstance(a, Advice)

# True

isinstance(a, Thought)

# True

</pre></div>

In <a href="Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> when a subclass contains a method that overrides a method of the superclass, you can also call the superclass method by calling super in that overridden method. You can use alias if you would like to keep the overridden method available outside of the overriding method as shown with 'super_message' below.

Example:

<div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-ruby mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre>class Thought

def message

puts "I feel like I am diagonally parked in a parallel universe."

end

end

class Advice < Thought

alias :super_message :message

def message

puts "Warning: Dates in calendar are closer than they appear"

super

end

end

</pre></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFZhang2015" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Jie (2015). "A novel P2P overridden API for open data communications in WWW". 2015 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan. pp. 156–157. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FICCE-TW.2015.7216830">10.1109/ICCE-TW.2015.7216830</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4799-8745-0</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23295793">23295793</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-flanagan-2"><a href="#cite_ref-flanagan_2-0">^</a> Flanagan 2002, p. 107

</li>

<li id="cite_note-lewis-loftus-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis-loftus_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis-loftus_3-1">b</a> Lewis & Loftus 2006, p.454

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOverbey2011" class="citation book cs1">Overbey, J (2011). "Differential precondition checking: A lightweight, reusable analysis for refactoring tools". 2011 26th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2011). pp. 303–312. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FASE.2011.6100067">10.1109/ASE.2011.6100067</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4577-1639-3</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5933208">5933208</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Li, K (2014). "Residual investigation: Predictive and precise bug detection". ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology. 24 (2). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2656201">10.1145/2656201</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47112802">47112802</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMössenböck2002" class="citation web cs1">Mössenböck, Hanspeter (2002-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssw.jku.at/Teaching/Lectures/CSharp/Tutorial/Part2.pdf">"Advanced C#: Overriding of Methods"</a> (PDF). Institut für Systemsoftware, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Fachbereich Informatik. pp. 6–8. Retrieved 2011-08-02.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-malik-7"><a href="#cite_ref-malik_7-0">^</a> Malik 2006, p. 676

</li>

<li id="cite_note-meyer-8"><a href="#cite_ref-meyer_8-0">^</a> Meyer 2009, page 572-575

</li>

<li id="cite_note-deitel-9"><a href="#cite_ref-deitel_9-0">^</a> Deitel & Deitel 2001, p.474

</li>

<li id="cite_note-python-3-super-10"><a href="#cite_ref-python-3-super_10-0">^</a> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-python mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr">super().method</code> in Python 3 - see <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#super">https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#super</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026035007/https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#super">Archived</a> 2018-10-26 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</li>

</ol></div>

<ul><li><a href="Implementation_inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Implementation inheritance">Implementation inheritance</a></li>

<li><a href="Inheritance_semantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance semantics">Inheritance semantics</a></li>

<li><a href="Method_overloading" class="mw-redirect" title="Method overloading">Method overloading</a></li>

<li><a href="Polymorphism_in_object-oriented_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism in object-oriented programming">Polymorphism in object-oriented programming</a></li>

<li><a href="Template_method_pattern" title="Template method pattern">Template method pattern</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_inheritance" title="Virtual inheritance">Virtual inheritance</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Common_non-standard_request_fields" title="List of HTTP header fields">X-HTTP-Method-Override HTTP Header</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<ul><li>Deitel, H. M & Deitel, P. J.(2001). Java How to Program (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.</li>

<li>Lewis, J. & Loftus, W. (2008). Java: Software Solutions (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson Addison Wesley.</li>

<li>Malik, D. S.(2006). C++ Programming: Program Design Including Data Structure. (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Course Technology.</li>

<li>Flanagan, David.(2002).Java in a Nutshell.Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596002831/preview#preview">http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596002831/preview#preview</a></li>

<li><a href="Bertrand_Meyer" title="Bertrand Meyer">Meyer, Bertrand</a> (2009). Touch of Class: Learning to Program Well with Objects and Contracts. Springer.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeproject.com/KB/architecture/OOP_Concepts_and_manymore.aspx#Overriding">Introduction to O.O.P. Concepts and More</a> by Nirosh L.w.C.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/IandI/override.html">Overriding and Hiding Methods</a> by <a href="Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></li></ul></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2024-07-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Method_overriding&oldid=1232705172">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>